Transmitochondrial embryonic stem cells containing pathogenic mtDNA mutations are compromised in neuronal differentiation.

OBJECTIVES: Defects of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) cause a series of rare, mainly neurological disorders. In addition, they have been implicated in more common forms of movement disorders, dementia and the ageing process. In order to try to model neuronal dysfunction associated with mitochondrial disease, we have attempted to establish a series of transmitochondrial mouse embryonic stem cells harbouring pathogenic mtDNA mutations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Transmitochondrial embryonic stem cell cybrids were generated by fusion of cytoplasts carrying a variety of mtDNA mutations, into embryonic stem cells that had been pretreated with rhodamine 6G, to prevent transmission of endogenous mtDNA. Cybrids were differentiated into neurons and assessed for efficiency of differentiation and electrophysiological function. RESULTS: Neuronal differentiation could occur, as indicated by expression of neuronal markers. Differentiation was impaired in embryonic stem cells carrying mtDNA mutations that caused severe biochemical deficiency. Electrophysiological tests showed evidence of synaptic activity in differentiated neurons carrying non-pathogenic mtDNA mutations or in those that caused a mild defect of respiratory activity. Again, however, neurons carrying mtDNA mutations that resulted in severe biochemical deficiency had marked reduction in post-synaptic events. CONCLUSIONS: Differentiated neurons carrying severely pathogenic mtDNA defects can provide a useful model for understanding how such mutations can cause neuronal dysfunction.

Genética de las epilepsias mitocondriales / The genetics of mitochondrial epilepsy

Introducción. Recientemente se ha establecido la base molecular de una serie de trastornos clínicos asociados a defectos en el sistema de fosforilación oxidativa (sistema OXPHOS) que conduce a la síntesis de ATP, la ruta final del metabolismo energético mitocondrial. Los polipéptidos componentes del sistema OXPHOS están codificados tanto en el ADN nuclear como en el mitocondrial, por lo que estas enfermedades mitocondriales pueden estar originadas por mutaciones en genes localizados en ambos sistemas genéticos. Desarrollo. En los últimos años se han definido y asociado varias de estas enfermedades neuromusculares con mutaciones en el ADN mitocondrial. Entre ellas, una de las que más ha llamado la atención es el síndrome de epilepsia mioclónica con fibras rojo-rasgadas (MERRF), caracterizado por epilepsias mioclónicas y por presentar un tipo de herencia materna. Esta enfermedad está causada por una mutación puntual en el ARNtLys mitocondrial (posición 8344), que origina una disminución de los niveles de lisil-ARNtLys y, por consiguiente, una terminación prematura de la traducción de las proteínas codificadas en el ADN mitocondrial (AU)